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The Rodrigues Pigeon, Nesoenas rodericanus, was a species of pigeon native to Rodrigues, an island in the Indian Ocean. It was a smaller relative of the Mauritius Turtle Dove and the endangered Pink Pigeon. The species was first reported in 1691-93 and was noted to be exceedingly common. However, by 1725-26, the pigeon had already stopped nesting on the mainland due to predation by introduced black rats.

The decline of the Rodrigues Pigeon continued, and by the time the astronomer Alexandre-Gui Pingré arrived on Rodrigues in 1761 to study the Transit of Venus, the pigeon was already extinct. It is believed that black rats were the primary cause of the extinction of the Rodrigues Pigeon, as they appear to have completely exterminated the birds during the intervening years.